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Thursday, November 24, 2011
Hotel De L' Annapurna
hyatt regency ktm,
Introducing the timeless quality of Nepal's rich and fascinating culture represented in the arts and architecture, Hyatt Regency Kathmandu with 290 rooms is set on 37 acres of artistically landscaped grounds. The hotel is four kilometers from Tribhuvan International Airport and very close to the business district and shopping areas. The Boudhanath Stupa is within ten minutes walking distance from the hotel. The hotel offers International standards of service and accommodation to the discerning traveler.
There are various dining options in the hotel: The Café, which serves Nepali, Indian and Continental cuisine, overlooks the landscaped garden and swimming pool with a view of the Boudhanath Stupa.
There are various dining options in the hotel: The Café, which serves Nepali, Indian and Continental cuisine, overlooks the landscaped garden and swimming pool with a view of the Boudhanath Stupa.
Wednesday, November 23, 2011
The advantages of traveling
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| Robert Louis Stevenson's observation that books though good enough in their own way are a "mighty bloodless substitute for life", has always appeared to me as correct and rich with meaning. Those who live in a narrow. confined society find it difficult to develop an out-going personality: they, at times, are not to tolerant and it is always easy for them to fall into a dull routine. Amongst the aristocratic families of Europe of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries no young man's (or young woman's for that matter) education was considered to be complete without travel. Those who were not lucky enough to have adequate funds found other means of traveling. They either traveled as companions and employees of the rich people. or. if adventurous and daring. joined professions which took them abroad. People have traveled as tramps and stowaways. The whole world of commerce and the colonial system grew out of this urge for travel and adventure. Traveling does not necessarily mean traveling abroad: it means traveling as much as one can - travel to the next town. to the seaside resort, to the small hill station, the next state, or the nearest island. It basically implies getting out of the rut, seeing other people. learning about their way of living and thinking, and thus developing a broader and more tolerant outlook towards life. Traveling is the best kind of education. Of course, it is no substitute for the basic learning of the three R's. But it can be a substitute for most other kinds of learning. For when we travel we get the opportunity of seeing and knowing people at first hand. One sees them as people. but meets them as individuals. Traveling even in one country is beneficial. Some parts of the country abound in rain and in backwaters, in lush, green landscapes: others have the right kind of soil and terrain for plantations - rubber, tea, coffee or timber. Still others may be having factories for canning marine products. In another part of the country there may be oil fields or coal mines or oil extracting units. So by traveling over these areas one is able to see the different kinds of industries, soils and people. Customs, languages and religious practices differ from place to place. One learns about them and learns to live with and accept the differences. The truth of it can be seen in multiracial societies like Singapore and Malaysia where Chinese, Malays and Indians live side by side. Traveling from one corner of India to another is like traversing a whole continent. The cultural preferences vary from place to place. These experiences increase aesthetic sensitivity. Besides learning about the customs of other people and gaining a great deal of knowledge, travel also teaches adaptability. Those who travel a great deal and are willing to rough it out are not so fastidious about the ordinary comforts of life. They make cheerful and pleasant companions. Travel also breaks through religious fanaticism and encourages exchange of ideas. People who have succeeded in developing an interest in birds and animals, in rocks and minerals and in plants and trees find travel a rewarding experience. In the present day society, individuals can perhaps survive only if they can get out of their limited circle. It is important that they know what is happening around them not only economically and intellectually but also politically. |
'Breathes there a man with soul so dead
Who never to himself hath said,
This is my own, my native land!
Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned,
As home his footsteps he hath turned
From wandering on a foreign strand?'
Thus Sir Walter Scott felt about the mist, the heather, the mountains, lakes and snows of Scotland, his own native land. So do most of us, and this stems from affection and familiarity rather than from political and nationalistic considerations. So also must be Singaporean, away on business overseas, or the Vietnamese boat-person who cannot master a foreign language.
In my own case, at least fourteen years of my life has been spent in a series of permanent Army postings abroad. Two were spent on the beautiful island of Singapore, six in Germany during the second world war and again later, three in West Africa, three in Palestine. Each time I flew into the UK my heart leapt at the green familiarity of the little fields and villages, the woods and streams, the undulating landscape, as the plane came in to land.
Yet, there is much more to it than love of one's own countryside. I have lived permanently in my own country for the past eighteen years and have learnt all over again to appreciate the many factors which are most important to me, and which, as a young man, I thought I could do without.
First and foremost, and this is perhaps selfish, I would miss family and friends if, for some reasons, I had to emigrate. In my latter years, it is an enormous pleasure to live near my sons and their families. Both sons, as it happens, are happy and successful. One is a member of Parliament and the other is a flourishing barrister. It would be sad indeed to miss their progress. It would also be a great loss if I could not watch the week-by-week development of my five grandchildren.
An then -- friends. What is life without them? Old friends especially. Those with whom we have shared experience, the ups and downs of life. Of course, we make friends abroad too but it is not always easy to identify with people from a totally different background. Again, one can practice one's religion anywhere. Yet is the overseas church, or mosque or temple quite the same as one's own?
There is always the language barrier, especially for the English. The fact that English is today's international language is no paradox. It is simply that our ancestors overseas, in the days when England was a great colonial power and had a trading empire, expected foreigners to learn English, though there were exceptions to this autocratic outlook. The fact remains that to speak one's own language in one's own country guarantees immediate contact and understanding. Perhaps Chinese, Malays, and some other far Eastern nationals do not see this as a problem. Unlike the lazy Englishman who will not learn, they can and do.
What else did I miss when overseas? Perhaps the British political and legal system and the freedoms we take for granted. Life abroad can be minefield for those who do not study the laws and customs of their country of adoption. At home, one is brought up to know about these things and to avoid mistakes. One English tradition is that of freedom of speech, that is, within the law. This also applies to the written word. The principle is 'I disagree with all you say, but I would defend your right to say it to the death'. This means that the English can criticize the monarchy, the government, religion and law with impunity, a freedom not universally conferred. One would miss that in a country where to transgress might mean prison, or even a death sentence.
The center of this freedom is the English pub , or public house. Every village has one or two, every town has several. People talk, gossip, let off steam, and put the world to rights over a drink, in comfort, and in congenial company. The pub is perhaps the reason why there has been no revolution in England since 1688. There is no equivalent institution abroad.
Good hospitals, good libraries, good clothes, good food and drink, good concerts and theatres, and good quality consumer goods are some of the other things.
my first day at school
My mother accompanied me to school on the first day. Other parents accompanied their children as well. We all waited in front of the school office.
Soon a teacher came and led us to some classrooms. There we were put into four separate classes. This was when some children began to cry as the parents were not allowed into the classrooms. I did not cry because I had been to kindergarten before. Actually my mother went home soon after for she knew I would be all right.
It was an enjoyable time for me as I got to know my new classmates. The teacher was very busy writing down our particulars so we had plenty of time to ourselves.
Meantime some children continued to sob while their parents looked in anxiously through the windows.
Soon recess came. Some of us headed for the tuck-shop while the rest headed for their parents. I bought a drink with the money my mother gave me. Getting to know my new friends had made me thirsty.
After recess we went back to out classroom and my new friends and I managed to coax two boys to stop crying. In fact, soon we were laughing and playing together. Once in a while the teacher had to tell us to keep quiet as we were making too much noise.
Still some parents looked in anxiously through the windows.
Finally the bell rang for us to go home. Some of us were very relieved to be reunited with our parents. I too was glad to see my mother waiting for me at the school gate. I had made many friends. It had been a wonderful first day at school.
Soon a teacher came and led us to some classrooms. There we were put into four separate classes. This was when some children began to cry as the parents were not allowed into the classrooms. I did not cry because I had been to kindergarten before. Actually my mother went home soon after for she knew I would be all right.
It was an enjoyable time for me as I got to know my new classmates. The teacher was very busy writing down our particulars so we had plenty of time to ourselves.
Meantime some children continued to sob while their parents looked in anxiously through the windows.
Soon recess came. Some of us headed for the tuck-shop while the rest headed for their parents. I bought a drink with the money my mother gave me. Getting to know my new friends had made me thirsty.
After recess we went back to out classroom and my new friends and I managed to coax two boys to stop crying. In fact, soon we were laughing and playing together. Once in a while the teacher had to tell us to keep quiet as we were making too much noise.
Still some parents looked in anxiously through the windows.
Finally the bell rang for us to go home. Some of us were very relieved to be reunited with our parents. I too was glad to see my mother waiting for me at the school gate. I had made many friends. It had been a wonderful first day at school.
My pet
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| Rosy, is a dog which I have been keeping for the past four years. It was sheer accident that Rosy came into my hands. Our neighbor Mr. Jones was a dog fancier. He had a good kennel in his house where he reared different breeds of dogs. Suddenly, he got transferred from the town and he wanted to dispose of some of the dogs. He was talking about it to my father. Then I told my father that we could have one of the puppies; though reluctantly, my father agreed. Thus, Rosy came into my possession. Why it was named Rosy, I can't say. It is an Alsatian. She is of medium height. She is grey colored with dark spots near her belly. The dog has a bushy tail and glistening eyes which has grown wonderfully well and can easily be the envy of many. Rosy, can be seen about our house when she is not engaged in playing or when she is not sleeping. She takes pleasure in sneaking about the corners when she has nothing particularly to do. She is as docile as a dog in our presence. When we are not there she will be in her mettle. None can easily come near our gate. Though she doesn't bite, she will bounce on the person and paralyze him. Since the postman regularly comes, she recognizes in him a friend and so does not do him any harm She will try to catch the sparrow and it will be a splendid sight to see. I give her a Spartan food. She takes some biscuits and milk in the morning and meat mixed with rice in the afternoon. Usually she is not given any food in the night. When we are at our table, Rosy keeps company with me but she shows no eagerness to touch even a crumb unless offered. So my father likes it. Rosy cries in a peculiar way. It is between barking and howling. Sometimes, she raises a cry like moaning. That means she wants to go out to relieve herself. Whenever I go out in the evening, she accompanies me. My friends are afraid of her because she doesn't like silly mischief of boys. She shows her displeasure by a big bark and that is enough to unnerve the boys. My father says, Rosy would soon become a mother. Then I will have a litter of nice puppies. |
future wife or husband
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discipline
The first column of soldiers moved forward briskly as one man as soon as the parade commander gave the order for the march-past to begin. The massed bands had struck up a lively tune. Soon, the various contingents were swinging past the saluting dais, every man in step, columned and filed in precise straight lines. Hours of hard, discipline and work had gone into making the parade a grand success.
And it is in the same way too that life can be made successful. In fact, it is only through discipline that living becomes smooth and peaceful. Law is nothing more than community discipline. People who keep to the law accept the discipline of the state. Thus, the criminal -- the thief, murderer, gangster -- shows by his defiance of the law, that he refuses to be disciplined.
As a child is punished when it misbehaves itself -- that is , when it shows lack of discipline -- so also is a criminal shown, by punishment or some penal treatment, that he has to conform to the discipline of the state. As a child is shown kindness as well as firmness when being taught discipline, so also should a wrongdoer be treated understandingly as well as strictly, so that he may not become hardened in crime.
The image of the education of a child is specially appropriate in illustrating the need for and power of discipline. From its birth a child is taught discipline. Its feeding and sleeping are regulated, otherwise the child will grow up unhealthy. Bowel-training is important, otherwise there will be frequent stomach upsets, with their consequent ill-effects on the growing body. As the child grows, it is taught respectful and unselfish behavior, or it will turn into a young savage. Discipline features in every stage of the child's development, whether mental or physical.
The word "discipline" is associated most frequently with school life. it is, perhaps, useful at this juncture to examine the meaning of the term. The dictionary defines "discipline" as "instruction : training and mode of life in accordance with rules : subjection to control ..." It has the same origin as the word "disciple" meaning "pupil, follower". It is in school, especially, that discipline is taught with reference to all aspects of the definition given. A schoolboy is given instruction in various subjects; he is trained and shown a mode of reasonable existence which will fit him for adult life; and, to his repeated annoyance, he is subject to constant control.
"Discipline" must be distinguished from "order" with which it is frequently confused. Order is the condition which results from discipline. But order may be imposed from without. Discipline, finally, comes from within. True discipline is always self-discipline. The aim of all schooling is to teach children to discipline themselves; to guarantee that order will result from a child's recognition of the fact that order is utterly necessary. Discipline certainly cannot be based on mere fear of authority. For, as a child approaches adulthood, it is moving more and more away from the figures of authority. A person becomes more and more independent as he grows up. With this growing sense of independence must also grow a sense of discipline and respect for the rights of others.
A disciplined child, growing into a disciplined adolescent, will finally emerge into society as a disciplined adult -- one who is read to play a constructive role in his community. Life will have its trials and disappointments; it is discipline which will enable a person to remain cool and sensible amidst the stresses of life. When temptation to evil occurs, it is discipline which will help overcome it. Should a person fall, it is discipline which will set him on his feet again. All this is trite and what modern "enlightened" people would call "moral". It is a fact, however, which cannot be denied.
In recent years, there were some misguided psychologists who said that a child should be left to develop on its own, that it should be allowed to do anything it willed -- free discipline should be encouraged. the woeful effects of "free" discipline show that the child becomes neither "free" to develop healthily, nor "disciplined". And other psychologists have come up to say that a child wants discipline. In its uncertainty, a child craves guidance. And that is what discipline eventually gives him, so that, growing up, he may be able to see his way about the mazes of life.
And it is in the same way too that life can be made successful. In fact, it is only through discipline that living becomes smooth and peaceful. Law is nothing more than community discipline. People who keep to the law accept the discipline of the state. Thus, the criminal -- the thief, murderer, gangster -- shows by his defiance of the law, that he refuses to be disciplined.
As a child is punished when it misbehaves itself -- that is , when it shows lack of discipline -- so also is a criminal shown, by punishment or some penal treatment, that he has to conform to the discipline of the state. As a child is shown kindness as well as firmness when being taught discipline, so also should a wrongdoer be treated understandingly as well as strictly, so that he may not become hardened in crime.
The image of the education of a child is specially appropriate in illustrating the need for and power of discipline. From its birth a child is taught discipline. Its feeding and sleeping are regulated, otherwise the child will grow up unhealthy. Bowel-training is important, otherwise there will be frequent stomach upsets, with their consequent ill-effects on the growing body. As the child grows, it is taught respectful and unselfish behavior, or it will turn into a young savage. Discipline features in every stage of the child's development, whether mental or physical.
The word "discipline" is associated most frequently with school life. it is, perhaps, useful at this juncture to examine the meaning of the term. The dictionary defines "discipline" as "instruction : training and mode of life in accordance with rules : subjection to control ..." It has the same origin as the word "disciple" meaning "pupil, follower". It is in school, especially, that discipline is taught with reference to all aspects of the definition given. A schoolboy is given instruction in various subjects; he is trained and shown a mode of reasonable existence which will fit him for adult life; and, to his repeated annoyance, he is subject to constant control.
"Discipline" must be distinguished from "order" with which it is frequently confused. Order is the condition which results from discipline. But order may be imposed from without. Discipline, finally, comes from within. True discipline is always self-discipline. The aim of all schooling is to teach children to discipline themselves; to guarantee that order will result from a child's recognition of the fact that order is utterly necessary. Discipline certainly cannot be based on mere fear of authority. For, as a child approaches adulthood, it is moving more and more away from the figures of authority. A person becomes more and more independent as he grows up. With this growing sense of independence must also grow a sense of discipline and respect for the rights of others.
A disciplined child, growing into a disciplined adolescent, will finally emerge into society as a disciplined adult -- one who is read to play a constructive role in his community. Life will have its trials and disappointments; it is discipline which will enable a person to remain cool and sensible amidst the stresses of life. When temptation to evil occurs, it is discipline which will help overcome it. Should a person fall, it is discipline which will set him on his feet again. All this is trite and what modern "enlightened" people would call "moral". It is a fact, however, which cannot be denied.
In recent years, there were some misguided psychologists who said that a child should be left to develop on its own, that it should be allowed to do anything it willed -- free discipline should be encouraged. the woeful effects of "free" discipline show that the child becomes neither "free" to develop healthily, nor "disciplined". And other psychologists have come up to say that a child wants discipline. In its uncertainty, a child craves guidance. And that is what discipline eventually gives him, so that, growing up, he may be able to see his way about the mazes of life.
Colors in nature
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man and freedom
Every animal including man is born free. All animals in their natural state, except man who is precluded by civilization to be in his natural state, are free. Some animals lose their freedom only because of man's needs and deeds. The world is 'open' and not 'closed' in its natural state; every animal - man is not exempted - desires novelty, spontaneity and genuine creativity, which are the hallmarks of freedom.
Man, though born free like other animals, is in chain everywhere. This is because of the restrictions and restraints which he imposes on himself and which are imposed on him by others. For example, no one is expected to appear naked in public in the name of freedom. There are social norms to be followed. Different occasions demand different customs. Man, living in a society, has to follow certain customs, conventions and traditions in the interest of harmonious existence; he cannot take the stand that he is absolutely free and that he can do things in his own way.
Man, in the process of his change from primitive tribalism to civilized existence, has chained himself more and more to rules and regulations. Unlike other living creatures, he is capable of thinking and is intelligent to devise ways and means of exploiting his fellowmen. This exploitation leads to his keeping them subdued and enslaved. Imperialism in the past and neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism today have only been instruments of suppressing the aspirations for freedom of the exploited. A classic example of suppression in the modern world is witnessed in the policy of apartheid and racial discrimination practised in South Africa.
The craving for freedom in any living creature is instinctive. In man it is not only instinctive but also cerebral. The fight for freedom with which one is born has been age-old. It continues unabated, and it can be traced back until it is obscured in the dim past. The Magna Carta, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, the American Bill of Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the Supreme Court decisions on civil liberties in the United States, India, etc. point to man's craving for freedom. He has always said:
Emerson almost deifies Freedom; he sings:
Today man in his civilised existence attaches importance to freedom in the sense of the protection of the civil liberties, of which the rights to think, speak, and write are especially important. These and related freedoms are not granted by the state or any group in society, even though the state may need to exercise some control where conflicts of rights occur. If the state grants these rights, then the state can take them away, and that is what freedom-loving men in the past have not been willing to admit. Those rights are human, social, natural or god-given, based on the nature of man and the conditions necessary for his development and the common good.
Four kinds of freedom need to be distinguished. There is first, freedom of choice, or moral freedom. There is, second, freedom from external restraint, or physical freedom. This is a particularly important issue where totalitarian governments are in power. Freedom from external compulsion is very important. Even a dog lies contentedly all day long in the shade of a tree, but whines miserably if tied to the same tree for five minutes. Tom Sawyer's pals were willing to give up their most cherished possessions for a turn at white-washing his fence, but "would wail like fettered injuns", if told they must do the same thing at home. Everyone is against compulsion and restriction of his freedom to choose.
The third freedom is political freedom which includes equality before the law, trial before an impartial tribunal, and the right to vote or be elected. Under political freedom come freedom of speech, thought, and conscience, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly or organisation and a share in the control of the conditions of life.
There is social and economic freedom. Here, the question arises whether there should be control or legislative regulation of a man's business, professional, or other activities, or whether these should be free from all interference. In the interest of the harmonious functioning of society, there must needs be checks and balances. These checks and balances are bound to encroach upon the natural freedom of which Rousseau speaks.
It is true that man is born free. A civilized existence demands certain curbs on his natural freedom. Today man has surrendered part of his freedom for the sake of his civilized existence. This, however, does not mean that he is everywhere in chain. Here and there man exploits man. But in a civilized society man cherishes his moral freedom, his intellectual freedom, his political freedom and his economic freedom.
Man, though born free like other animals, is in chain everywhere. This is because of the restrictions and restraints which he imposes on himself and which are imposed on him by others. For example, no one is expected to appear naked in public in the name of freedom. There are social norms to be followed. Different occasions demand different customs. Man, living in a society, has to follow certain customs, conventions and traditions in the interest of harmonious existence; he cannot take the stand that he is absolutely free and that he can do things in his own way.
Man, in the process of his change from primitive tribalism to civilized existence, has chained himself more and more to rules and regulations. Unlike other living creatures, he is capable of thinking and is intelligent to devise ways and means of exploiting his fellowmen. This exploitation leads to his keeping them subdued and enslaved. Imperialism in the past and neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism today have only been instruments of suppressing the aspirations for freedom of the exploited. A classic example of suppression in the modern world is witnessed in the policy of apartheid and racial discrimination practised in South Africa.
The craving for freedom in any living creature is instinctive. In man it is not only instinctive but also cerebral. The fight for freedom with which one is born has been age-old. It continues unabated, and it can be traced back until it is obscured in the dim past. The Magna Carta, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, the American Bill of Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the Supreme Court decisions on civil liberties in the United States, India, etc. point to man's craving for freedom. He has always said:
Off with the fetters
That chafe and restrain!
Off with the chain!
Emerson almost deifies Freedom; he sings:
My angel - his name is Freedom -
Choose him to be your King;
He shall cut pathways east and west,
And fend you with his wing.
Today man in his civilised existence attaches importance to freedom in the sense of the protection of the civil liberties, of which the rights to think, speak, and write are especially important. These and related freedoms are not granted by the state or any group in society, even though the state may need to exercise some control where conflicts of rights occur. If the state grants these rights, then the state can take them away, and that is what freedom-loving men in the past have not been willing to admit. Those rights are human, social, natural or god-given, based on the nature of man and the conditions necessary for his development and the common good.
Four kinds of freedom need to be distinguished. There is first, freedom of choice, or moral freedom. There is, second, freedom from external restraint, or physical freedom. This is a particularly important issue where totalitarian governments are in power. Freedom from external compulsion is very important. Even a dog lies contentedly all day long in the shade of a tree, but whines miserably if tied to the same tree for five minutes. Tom Sawyer's pals were willing to give up their most cherished possessions for a turn at white-washing his fence, but "would wail like fettered injuns", if told they must do the same thing at home. Everyone is against compulsion and restriction of his freedom to choose.
The third freedom is political freedom which includes equality before the law, trial before an impartial tribunal, and the right to vote or be elected. Under political freedom come freedom of speech, thought, and conscience, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly or organisation and a share in the control of the conditions of life.
There is social and economic freedom. Here, the question arises whether there should be control or legislative regulation of a man's business, professional, or other activities, or whether these should be free from all interference. In the interest of the harmonious functioning of society, there must needs be checks and balances. These checks and balances are bound to encroach upon the natural freedom of which Rousseau speaks.
It is true that man is born free. A civilized existence demands certain curbs on his natural freedom. Today man has surrendered part of his freedom for the sake of his civilized existence. This, however, does not mean that he is everywhere in chain. Here and there man exploits man. But in a civilized society man cherishes his moral freedom, his intellectual freedom, his political freedom and his economic freedom.
man and freedom
Every animal including man is born free. All animals in their natural state, except man who is precluded by civilization to be in his natural state, are free. Some animals lose their freedom only because of man's needs and deeds. The world is 'open' and not 'closed' in its natural state; every animal - man is not exempted - desires novelty, spontaneity and genuine creativity, which are the hallmarks of freedom.
Man, though born free like other animals, is in chain everywhere. This is because of the restrictions and restraints which he imposes on himself and which are imposed on him by others. For example, no one is expected to appear naked in public in the name of freedom. There are social norms to be followed. Different occasions demand different customs. Man, living in a society, has to follow certain customs, conventions and traditions in the interest of harmonious existence; he cannot take the stand that he is absolutely free and that he can do things in his own way.
Man, in the process of his change from primitive tribalism to civilized existence, has chained himself more and more to rules and regulations. Unlike other living creatures, he is capable of thinking and is intelligent to devise ways and means of exploiting his fellowmen. This exploitation leads to his keeping them subdued and enslaved. Imperialism in the past and neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism today have only been instruments of suppressing the aspirations for freedom of the exploited. A classic example of suppression in the modern world is witnessed in the policy of apartheid and racial discrimination practised in South Africa.
The craving for freedom in any living creature is instinctive. In man it is not only instinctive but also cerebral. The fight for freedom with which one is born has been age-old. It continues unabated, and it can be traced back until it is obscured in the dim past. The Magna Carta, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, the American Bill of Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the Supreme Court decisions on civil liberties in the United States, India, etc. point to man's craving for freedom. He has always said:
Emerson almost deifies Freedom; he sings:
Today man in his civilised existence attaches importance to freedom in the sense of the protection of the civil liberties, of which the rights to think, speak, and write are especially important. These and related freedoms are not granted by the state or any group in society, even though the state may need to exercise some control where conflicts of rights occur. If the state grants these rights, then the state can take them away, and that is what freedom-loving men in the past have not been willing to admit. Those rights are human, social, natural or god-given, based on the nature of man and the conditions necessary for his development and the common good.
Four kinds of freedom need to be distinguished. There is first, freedom of choice, or moral freedom. There is, second, freedom from external restraint, or physical freedom. This is a particularly important issue where totalitarian governments are in power. Freedom from external compulsion is very important. Even a dog lies contentedly all day long in the shade of a tree, but whines miserably if tied to the same tree for five minutes. Tom Sawyer's pals were willing to give up their most cherished possessions for a turn at white-washing his fence, but "would wail like fettered injuns", if told they must do the same thing at home. Everyone is against compulsion and restriction of his freedom to choose.
The third freedom is political freedom which includes equality before the law, trial before an impartial tribunal, and the right to vote or be elected. Under political freedom come freedom of speech, thought, and conscience, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly or organisation and a share in the control of the conditions of life.
There is social and economic freedom. Here, the question arises whether there should be control or legislative regulation of a man's business, professional, or other activities, or whether these should be free from all interference. In the interest of the harmonious functioning of society, there must needs be checks and balances. These checks and balances are bound to encroach upon the natural freedom of which Rousseau speaks.
It is true that man is born free. A civilized existence demands certain curbs on his natural freedom. Today man has surrendered part of his freedom for the sake of his civilized existence. This, however, does not mean that he is everywhere in chain. Here and there man exploits man. But in a civilized society man cherishes his moral freedom, his intellectual freedom, his political freedom and his economic freedom.
Man, though born free like other animals, is in chain everywhere. This is because of the restrictions and restraints which he imposes on himself and which are imposed on him by others. For example, no one is expected to appear naked in public in the name of freedom. There are social norms to be followed. Different occasions demand different customs. Man, living in a society, has to follow certain customs, conventions and traditions in the interest of harmonious existence; he cannot take the stand that he is absolutely free and that he can do things in his own way.
Man, in the process of his change from primitive tribalism to civilized existence, has chained himself more and more to rules and regulations. Unlike other living creatures, he is capable of thinking and is intelligent to devise ways and means of exploiting his fellowmen. This exploitation leads to his keeping them subdued and enslaved. Imperialism in the past and neo-colonialism and neo-imperialism today have only been instruments of suppressing the aspirations for freedom of the exploited. A classic example of suppression in the modern world is witnessed in the policy of apartheid and racial discrimination practised in South Africa.
The craving for freedom in any living creature is instinctive. In man it is not only instinctive but also cerebral. The fight for freedom with which one is born has been age-old. It continues unabated, and it can be traced back until it is obscured in the dim past. The Magna Carta, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, the American Bill of Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the Supreme Court decisions on civil liberties in the United States, India, etc. point to man's craving for freedom. He has always said:
Off with the fetters
That chafe and restrain!
Off with the chain!
Emerson almost deifies Freedom; he sings:
My angel - his name is Freedom -
Choose him to be your King;
He shall cut pathways east and west,
And fend you with his wing.
Today man in his civilised existence attaches importance to freedom in the sense of the protection of the civil liberties, of which the rights to think, speak, and write are especially important. These and related freedoms are not granted by the state or any group in society, even though the state may need to exercise some control where conflicts of rights occur. If the state grants these rights, then the state can take them away, and that is what freedom-loving men in the past have not been willing to admit. Those rights are human, social, natural or god-given, based on the nature of man and the conditions necessary for his development and the common good.
Four kinds of freedom need to be distinguished. There is first, freedom of choice, or moral freedom. There is, second, freedom from external restraint, or physical freedom. This is a particularly important issue where totalitarian governments are in power. Freedom from external compulsion is very important. Even a dog lies contentedly all day long in the shade of a tree, but whines miserably if tied to the same tree for five minutes. Tom Sawyer's pals were willing to give up their most cherished possessions for a turn at white-washing his fence, but "would wail like fettered injuns", if told they must do the same thing at home. Everyone is against compulsion and restriction of his freedom to choose.
The third freedom is political freedom which includes equality before the law, trial before an impartial tribunal, and the right to vote or be elected. Under political freedom come freedom of speech, thought, and conscience, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly or organisation and a share in the control of the conditions of life.
There is social and economic freedom. Here, the question arises whether there should be control or legislative regulation of a man's business, professional, or other activities, or whether these should be free from all interference. In the interest of the harmonious functioning of society, there must needs be checks and balances. These checks and balances are bound to encroach upon the natural freedom of which Rousseau speaks.
It is true that man is born free. A civilized existence demands certain curbs on his natural freedom. Today man has surrendered part of his freedom for the sake of his civilized existence. This, however, does not mean that he is everywhere in chain. Here and there man exploits man. But in a civilized society man cherishes his moral freedom, his intellectual freedom, his political freedom and his economic freedom.
nationality
The first two considerations apply to members of non-Western nations wearing their national dress. An Indian is at once indicated by a turban or sari, an African by a 'mammy-cloth', a Polynesian by his head-dress. Very often, subtle distinctions in national costume, will give to fellow-nationals a precise indication of caste, social standing or origin, facts of which an outsider would not be aware. It is a curious fact that as a result of Westernization, some non-Europeans nationals have become ashamed of their own costume. The European, who is tired of his own dull, standardized dress. would generally prefer to see them as they used to be, but both sides agree that a mixture of the two styles is deplorable. Bare feet, a cloth and bracelets do not show at their best when surmounted by a cloth cap battered terribly. In deed, styles of dress have become so mixed in places like West Africa or Egypt that dress no longer serves as a sure guide to nationality even though, it will generally give the spectator a good idea.
Non-European dress can often, however, indicate religion. Nobody could fail to recognize the dress of a Muslim, or the special robe of those Muslims who have made the pilgrimage to Mecca. Turbans have many fine shades of meaning.
All this is true of members of "non-Western" countries, but to the Western world, clothes have no significance whatever, in respect of religion. In regard to nationality, differences of style may offer clue. A Briton would recognize British shoes, the Italian cut of a suit, the Parisian style of a lady's dress, or an American 'tee-shirt'.
There are, however, various other deductions open to the shrewd observer of European dress. Firstly, that of income-level. Good clothes cost money, and the poor man would sooner economize on clothes rather than food or fuel. A noticeable factor, however, is the great increase in the number of well-dressed people, due to the leveling up of incomes in the West.
We can, of course, differentiate the 'good taste' (or its absence) between individuals of even the same income level, and we are, therefore, given a clue as to whether the individual concerned is educated and 'guided' in his or her choice or not; such guidance goes with a home of high standards.
Clothes may be expensive and in a good taste, but they may either be fashionable or not, and they may be old or new. Again, the shrewd observer will instantly make a mental note that the person wearing them is either 'conservative' or 'progressive' in outlook, or, if the clothes are good but old, had recently come on hard times.
Clothes which are clean, tidy and well-pressed, always give a favorable impression of the wearer's character. They indicate a tidy mind in the wearer, as well as respect for the company, a fact which candidates going up for an interview remember. the fact that a polished pair of shoes is an old pair, or that an old shirt is well-darned, is not criticism; it may well be a commendation. Poverty is no disgrace; dirt is.
Bad manners can, of course, be attributed to those who deliberately wear the wrong dress on a social occasion. Those who, in doubt, tend to 'over-dress' show more consideration tot heir host or hostess, than those who assume informality on the least pretext.
To the Easterner, Western dress, in its monotony, gives very little indication of status or character, unless the dress in question happens to be uniform of some kind of a special dress proper to a certain occupation or trade. Tot he Westerner himself, it is full of deceptions and pitfalls; there is so much that can be detected by observation, that the wisest observer will reflect that he can really detect nothing. this is especially true in Britain, where the bank clerk dresses like a Prime Minister, and a duke like a gardener.
At least, dress can indicate only so much, and what it does indicate may be doubtful; one thing is certain -- as far as the real essentials of character are concerned, dress reveals absolutely nothing.
Non-European dress can often, however, indicate religion. Nobody could fail to recognize the dress of a Muslim, or the special robe of those Muslims who have made the pilgrimage to Mecca. Turbans have many fine shades of meaning.
All this is true of members of "non-Western" countries, but to the Western world, clothes have no significance whatever, in respect of religion. In regard to nationality, differences of style may offer clue. A Briton would recognize British shoes, the Italian cut of a suit, the Parisian style of a lady's dress, or an American 'tee-shirt'.
There are, however, various other deductions open to the shrewd observer of European dress. Firstly, that of income-level. Good clothes cost money, and the poor man would sooner economize on clothes rather than food or fuel. A noticeable factor, however, is the great increase in the number of well-dressed people, due to the leveling up of incomes in the West.
We can, of course, differentiate the 'good taste' (or its absence) between individuals of even the same income level, and we are, therefore, given a clue as to whether the individual concerned is educated and 'guided' in his or her choice or not; such guidance goes with a home of high standards.
Clothes may be expensive and in a good taste, but they may either be fashionable or not, and they may be old or new. Again, the shrewd observer will instantly make a mental note that the person wearing them is either 'conservative' or 'progressive' in outlook, or, if the clothes are good but old, had recently come on hard times.
Clothes which are clean, tidy and well-pressed, always give a favorable impression of the wearer's character. They indicate a tidy mind in the wearer, as well as respect for the company, a fact which candidates going up for an interview remember. the fact that a polished pair of shoes is an old pair, or that an old shirt is well-darned, is not criticism; it may well be a commendation. Poverty is no disgrace; dirt is.
Bad manners can, of course, be attributed to those who deliberately wear the wrong dress on a social occasion. Those who, in doubt, tend to 'over-dress' show more consideration tot heir host or hostess, than those who assume informality on the least pretext.
To the Easterner, Western dress, in its monotony, gives very little indication of status or character, unless the dress in question happens to be uniform of some kind of a special dress proper to a certain occupation or trade. Tot he Westerner himself, it is full of deceptions and pitfalls; there is so much that can be detected by observation, that the wisest observer will reflect that he can really detect nothing. this is especially true in Britain, where the bank clerk dresses like a Prime Minister, and a duke like a gardener.
At least, dress can indicate only so much, and what it does indicate may be doubtful; one thing is certain -- as far as the real essentials of character are concerned, dress reveals absolutely nothing.
science
Pure science is the investigation of natural phenomena for the purpose of understanding. Observation leads to the formation of theories, which are tested experimentally. If the theory seems to explain to all the phenomena it is classified as a principle and added to the store of existing scientific knowledge. Applied science is known today as technology, which is concerned with techniques. As pure scientific knowledge advances, so does technology or method. Since method depends on knowledge, no improvements in method can increase knowledge, though they can facilitate the increase of knowledge.
The historian of pure science can trace its advance from the records of the earliest recorded cultures to the 20th century, during which pure science has made greater advances than ever before.
6th to 7th Centuries B.C. Thales and his school. Pythaggoeras and his successors provided the first systematic method of understanding the natural world, especially in the field of Mathematics and geometry. Figures were constructed to provide proofs. The Egyptians, though less interested in strict accuracy, made their contribution, as did the Arabians and Indians in the field of arithmetical notation.
17th Century. The second upsurge of pure science began with Galileo and his predecessor, Copernicus, who gave the world its first true understanding of the universe. Astronomy and Mathematics were brought together for the purposes of navigation. Francis Bacon sought to produce a system to replace that of Aristotle. The logical approach of Renee Descartes was of great importance, though the greatest advances were made by Sir Isaac Newton, who synthesized many theories into an intelligible whole.
Later advances took place in the field of biology, bacteriology, surgery, anthropology. The names of Pasteur, Lister, Darwin and Harvey come to mind.
In the present century, atomic theory with all its consequences, was developed (Dalton), and the new theories of light, relativity and quantum mathematics. (Einstein).
Although applied science will always remain the handmaid of pure science, it is also true that the advanced machines made possible by higher technology, enable the advance of pure science. Thus, although theory produced the telescope and the microscope as optical research instruments, electronics transformed both. The fact that we can now see into the far universe and into the construction of matter has had a profound effect on the theories concerning both.
Another example of many is the modern computer. While this remains the servant of the brain which invented it, one of its uses is to make a multitude of instantaneous calculations. This in turn eliminates the laborious mechanical aspects of investigation and gives the researcher the tools for making rapid new discoveries.
The historian of pure science can trace its advance from the records of the earliest recorded cultures to the 20th century, during which pure science has made greater advances than ever before.
6th to 7th Centuries B.C. Thales and his school. Pythaggoeras and his successors provided the first systematic method of understanding the natural world, especially in the field of Mathematics and geometry. Figures were constructed to provide proofs. The Egyptians, though less interested in strict accuracy, made their contribution, as did the Arabians and Indians in the field of arithmetical notation.
17th Century. The second upsurge of pure science began with Galileo and his predecessor, Copernicus, who gave the world its first true understanding of the universe. Astronomy and Mathematics were brought together for the purposes of navigation. Francis Bacon sought to produce a system to replace that of Aristotle. The logical approach of Renee Descartes was of great importance, though the greatest advances were made by Sir Isaac Newton, who synthesized many theories into an intelligible whole.
Later advances took place in the field of biology, bacteriology, surgery, anthropology. The names of Pasteur, Lister, Darwin and Harvey come to mind.
In the present century, atomic theory with all its consequences, was developed (Dalton), and the new theories of light, relativity and quantum mathematics. (Einstein).
Although applied science will always remain the handmaid of pure science, it is also true that the advanced machines made possible by higher technology, enable the advance of pure science. Thus, although theory produced the telescope and the microscope as optical research instruments, electronics transformed both. The fact that we can now see into the far universe and into the construction of matter has had a profound effect on the theories concerning both.
Another example of many is the modern computer. While this remains the servant of the brain which invented it, one of its uses is to make a multitude of instantaneous calculations. This in turn eliminates the laborious mechanical aspects of investigation and gives the researcher the tools for making rapid new discoveries.
science
Pure science is the investigation of natural phenomena for the purpose of understanding. Observation leads to the formation of theories, which are tested experimentally. If the theory seems to explain to all the phenomena it is classified as a principle and added to the store of existing scientific knowledge. Applied science is known today as technology, which is concerned with techniques. As pure scientific knowledge advances, so does technology or method. Since method depends on knowledge, no improvements in method can increase knowledge, though they can facilitate the increase of knowledge.
The historian of pure science can trace its advance from the records of the earliest recorded cultures to the 20th century, during which pure science has made greater advances than ever before.
6th to 7th Centuries B.C. Thales and his school. Pythaggoeras and his successors provided the first systematic method of understanding the natural world, especially in the field of Mathematics and geometry. Figures were constructed to provide proofs. The Egyptians, though less interested in strict accuracy, made their contribution, as did the Arabians and Indians in the field of arithmetical notation.
17th Century. The second upsurge of pure science began with Galileo and his predecessor, Copernicus, who gave the world its first true understanding of the universe. Astronomy and Mathematics were brought together for the purposes of navigation. Francis Bacon sought to produce a system to replace that of Aristotle. The logical approach of Renee Descartes was of great importance, though the greatest advances were made by Sir Isaac Newton, who synthesized many theories into an intelligible whole.
Later advances took place in the field of biology, bacteriology, surgery, anthropology. The names of Pasteur, Lister, Darwin and Harvey come to mind.
In the present century, atomic theory with all its consequences, was developed (Dalton), and the new theories of light, relativity and quantum mathematics. (Einstein).
Although applied science will always remain the handmaid of pure science, it is also true that the advanced machines made possible by higher technology, enable the advance of pure science. Thus, although theory produced the telescope and the microscope as optical research instruments, electronics transformed both. The fact that we can now see into the far universe and into the construction of matter has had a profound effect on the theories concerning both.
Another example of many is the modern computer. While this remains the servant of the brain which invented it, one of its uses is to make a multitude of instantaneous calculations. This in turn eliminates the laborious mechanical aspects of investigation and gives the researcher the tools for making rapid new discoveries.
The historian of pure science can trace its advance from the records of the earliest recorded cultures to the 20th century, during which pure science has made greater advances than ever before.
6th to 7th Centuries B.C. Thales and his school. Pythaggoeras and his successors provided the first systematic method of understanding the natural world, especially in the field of Mathematics and geometry. Figures were constructed to provide proofs. The Egyptians, though less interested in strict accuracy, made their contribution, as did the Arabians and Indians in the field of arithmetical notation.
17th Century. The second upsurge of pure science began with Galileo and his predecessor, Copernicus, who gave the world its first true understanding of the universe. Astronomy and Mathematics were brought together for the purposes of navigation. Francis Bacon sought to produce a system to replace that of Aristotle. The logical approach of Renee Descartes was of great importance, though the greatest advances were made by Sir Isaac Newton, who synthesized many theories into an intelligible whole.
Later advances took place in the field of biology, bacteriology, surgery, anthropology. The names of Pasteur, Lister, Darwin and Harvey come to mind.
In the present century, atomic theory with all its consequences, was developed (Dalton), and the new theories of light, relativity and quantum mathematics. (Einstein).
Although applied science will always remain the handmaid of pure science, it is also true that the advanced machines made possible by higher technology, enable the advance of pure science. Thus, although theory produced the telescope and the microscope as optical research instruments, electronics transformed both. The fact that we can now see into the far universe and into the construction of matter has had a profound effect on the theories concerning both.
Another example of many is the modern computer. While this remains the servant of the brain which invented it, one of its uses is to make a multitude of instantaneous calculations. This in turn eliminates the laborious mechanical aspects of investigation and gives the researcher the tools for making rapid new discoveries.
urbanization
It is an undeniable fact that the growth of materialism has surpassed all known limits and the present century is the age of greed. Just as there were previous periods which were known for different characteristics, like the stone age, the bronze age and also the age of faith, the age of reason and enlightenment, our century is the age of greed. The source for this, perhaps, is the growing industrialization and urbanization. Rural society is in many ways conducive to close personal relations while urban society is not. People in over-crowded cities are more than ever-conscious of keeping up with the Joneses whether they do it on bank loans or hire- purchase systems. Every one seems to be caught in the rat-race. In today's world, heart attacks, psychological problems and the increased number of people who are victims of high tension are a standing testimony to our greed.
Often one wonders why this has happened. There is a strong nostalgia for the peace and leisure of the bygone ages; but man feels helpless in the present set up. It is difficult to he a loner when so much importance is attached to the rank and status which money brings. How did it all come about'? I suspect that the growth of individualism which has on the one hand led to freedom and personal development, on the other, has led to an increased concern with the self and personal glory. Another reason which has contributed to this sense of greed is the increased mechanization of the age. With better and still better gadgets available, men long to possess them and are led to work for these. One major factor has also been the political history of the present century. The two World Wars demonstrated the fragility of human existence. In fact the Second World War, with the use of the atom bomb, brought a finality to it. Ever since then, men have been constantly living under the shadow of a nuclear war. The glaring lack of spirituality and the large- scale displacement of religious faith have also led to this growth of greed. We are a generation condemned to our fat with nothing to look forward to.
This greed is by no means a by-product of the affluence of the developed nations and it has made its presence felt in the developing countries. In fact, it would not be wrong to say that corruption seems to have infiltrated all sides of life in the developing countries. Patriotism, national interest - all seem to have been pushed into the background. Armaments, airplanes and other similar products are also ordered because of the money which is exchanged and not because of their mechanical soundness. Expediency has become a byword in political life. A code of conduct is entirely absent from public life. The motto seems to he "Each one for himself and no one for others".
The twentieth century has been labeled in various ways - the age of affluence, the age of illusion, the age of atrocity. The age of greed is perhaps as good a label as any other.
Often one wonders why this has happened. There is a strong nostalgia for the peace and leisure of the bygone ages; but man feels helpless in the present set up. It is difficult to he a loner when so much importance is attached to the rank and status which money brings. How did it all come about'? I suspect that the growth of individualism which has on the one hand led to freedom and personal development, on the other, has led to an increased concern with the self and personal glory. Another reason which has contributed to this sense of greed is the increased mechanization of the age. With better and still better gadgets available, men long to possess them and are led to work for these. One major factor has also been the political history of the present century. The two World Wars demonstrated the fragility of human existence. In fact the Second World War, with the use of the atom bomb, brought a finality to it. Ever since then, men have been constantly living under the shadow of a nuclear war. The glaring lack of spirituality and the large- scale displacement of religious faith have also led to this growth of greed. We are a generation condemned to our fat with nothing to look forward to.
This greed is by no means a by-product of the affluence of the developed nations and it has made its presence felt in the developing countries. In fact, it would not be wrong to say that corruption seems to have infiltrated all sides of life in the developing countries. Patriotism, national interest - all seem to have been pushed into the background. Armaments, airplanes and other similar products are also ordered because of the money which is exchanged and not because of their mechanical soundness. Expediency has become a byword in political life. A code of conduct is entirely absent from public life. The motto seems to he "Each one for himself and no one for others".
The twentieth century has been labeled in various ways - the age of affluence, the age of illusion, the age of atrocity. The age of greed is perhaps as good a label as any other.
urbanization
It is an undeniable fact that the growth of materialism has surpassed all known limits and the present century is the age of greed. Just as there were previous periods which were known for different characteristics, like the stone age, the bronze age and also the age of faith, the age of reason and enlightenment, our century is the age of greed. The source for this, perhaps, is the growing industrialization and urbanization. Rural society is in many ways conducive to close personal relations while urban society is not. People in over-crowded cities are more than ever-conscious of keeping up with the Joneses whether they do it on bank loans or hire- purchase systems. Every one seems to be caught in the rat-race. In today's world, heart attacks, psychological problems and the increased number of people who are victims of high tension are a standing testimony to our greed.
Often one wonders why this has happened. There is a strong nostalgia for the peace and leisure of the bygone ages; but man feels helpless in the present set up. It is difficult to he a loner when so much importance is attached to the rank and status which money brings. How did it all come about'? I suspect that the growth of individualism which has on the one hand led to freedom and personal development, on the other, has led to an increased concern with the self and personal glory. Another reason which has contributed to this sense of greed is the increased mechanization of the age. With better and still better gadgets available, men long to possess them and are led to work for these. One major factor has also been the political history of the present century. The two World Wars demonstrated the fragility of human existence. In fact the Second World War, with the use of the atom bomb, brought a finality to it. Ever since then, men have been constantly living under the shadow of a nuclear war. The glaring lack of spirituality and the large- scale displacement of religious faith have also led to this growth of greed. We are a generation condemned to our fat with nothing to look forward to.
This greed is by no means a by-product of the affluence of the developed nations and it has made its presence felt in the developing countries. In fact, it would not be wrong to say that corruption seems to have infiltrated all sides of life in the developing countries. Patriotism, national interest - all seem to have been pushed into the background. Armaments, airplanes and other similar products are also ordered because of the money which is exchanged and not because of their mechanical soundness. Expediency has become a byword in political life. A code of conduct is entirely absent from public life. The motto seems to he "Each one for himself and no one for others".
The twentieth century has been labeled in various ways - the age of affluence, the age of illusion, the age of atrocity. The age of greed is perhaps as good a label as any other.
Often one wonders why this has happened. There is a strong nostalgia for the peace and leisure of the bygone ages; but man feels helpless in the present set up. It is difficult to he a loner when so much importance is attached to the rank and status which money brings. How did it all come about'? I suspect that the growth of individualism which has on the one hand led to freedom and personal development, on the other, has led to an increased concern with the self and personal glory. Another reason which has contributed to this sense of greed is the increased mechanization of the age. With better and still better gadgets available, men long to possess them and are led to work for these. One major factor has also been the political history of the present century. The two World Wars demonstrated the fragility of human existence. In fact the Second World War, with the use of the atom bomb, brought a finality to it. Ever since then, men have been constantly living under the shadow of a nuclear war. The glaring lack of spirituality and the large- scale displacement of religious faith have also led to this growth of greed. We are a generation condemned to our fat with nothing to look forward to.
This greed is by no means a by-product of the affluence of the developed nations and it has made its presence felt in the developing countries. In fact, it would not be wrong to say that corruption seems to have infiltrated all sides of life in the developing countries. Patriotism, national interest - all seem to have been pushed into the background. Armaments, airplanes and other similar products are also ordered because of the money which is exchanged and not because of their mechanical soundness. Expediency has become a byword in political life. A code of conduct is entirely absent from public life. The motto seems to he "Each one for himself and no one for others".
The twentieth century has been labeled in various ways - the age of affluence, the age of illusion, the age of atrocity. The age of greed is perhaps as good a label as any other.
nepal tourism 2011
Government of Nepal in consultation with Nepalese travel trade sector and concerned organizations/experts decided on October 25, 2008 to launch a national tourism campaign "Nepal Tourism Year 2011". This announcement reflects the government’s anticipation to bring into Nepal at least one million international tourists by the year 2011 and tourism industry’s exigency to organize a tourism promotion campaign for wider impact.
With the badge of adventure destination glittering and the adage “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guests are Gods) embedded in our culture, the portfolio of tourism products never cease to mesmerize the visitors. The unparallel cultural, geographical, ethnic and bio diversities of the country allure visitors to Nepal time and again which truly substantiates the spirit of Nepal tourism brand ‘Naturally Nepal, once is not enough !'
The concept of Nepal Tourism Year 2011 envisions harnessing these opportunities and strengths and bringing together the commitment of the government, expertise and experiences of the organizations like Nepal Tourism Board, aptitude and dynamism of the private sector and communities for further tourism development in the country. Representation and active participation from the major political parties, members of the Constitution Assembly and Right groups is always taken into prominence in order to make the campaign inclusive and participatory in modus operandi and effective in result. The campaign will also focus on mobilizing the networks of the Non-Resident Nepalis (NRN) communities, Nepalese diplomatic missions abroad, INGOs and NGOs, airlines and national and international media. Similarly, friends and well-wishers of Nepal, tourism academicians and celebrities will be approached in order to highlight the campaign nationally n internationally
With the badge of adventure destination glittering and the adage “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guests are Gods) embedded in our culture, the portfolio of tourism products never cease to mesmerize the visitors. The unparallel cultural, geographical, ethnic and bio diversities of the country allure visitors to Nepal time and again which truly substantiates the spirit of Nepal tourism brand ‘Naturally Nepal, once is not enough !'
The concept of Nepal Tourism Year 2011 envisions harnessing these opportunities and strengths and bringing together the commitment of the government, expertise and experiences of the organizations like Nepal Tourism Board, aptitude and dynamism of the private sector and communities for further tourism development in the country. Representation and active participation from the major political parties, members of the Constitution Assembly and Right groups is always taken into prominence in order to make the campaign inclusive and participatory in modus operandi and effective in result. The campaign will also focus on mobilizing the networks of the Non-Resident Nepalis (NRN) communities, Nepalese diplomatic missions abroad, INGOs and NGOs, airlines and national and international media. Similarly, friends and well-wishers of Nepal, tourism academicians and celebrities will be approached in order to highlight the campaign nationally n internationally
nepal tourism 2011
Government of Nepal in consultation with Nepalese travel trade sector and concerned organizations/experts decided on October 25, 2008 to launch a national tourism campaign "Nepal Tourism Year 2011". This announcement reflects the government’s anticipation to bring into Nepal at least one million international tourists by the year 2011 and tourism industry’s exigency to organize a tourism promotion campaign for wider impact.
With the badge of adventure destination glittering and the adage “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guests are Gods) embedded in our culture, the portfolio of tourism products never cease to mesmerize the visitors. The unparallel cultural, geographical, ethnic and bio diversities of the country allure visitors to Nepal time and again which truly substantiates the spirit of Nepal tourism brand ‘Naturally Nepal, once is not enough !'
The concept of Nepal Tourism Year 2011 envisions harnessing these opportunities and strengths and bringing together the commitment of the government, expertise and experiences of the organizations like Nepal Tourism Board, aptitude and dynamism of the private sector and communities for further tourism development in the country. Representation and active participation from the major political parties, members of the Constitution Assembly and Right groups is always taken into prominence in order to make the campaign inclusive and participatory in modus operandi and effective in result. The campaign will also focus on mobilizing the networks of the Non-Resident Nepalis (NRN) communities, Nepalese diplomatic missions abroad, INGOs and NGOs, airlines and national and international media. Similarly, friends and well-wishers of Nepal, tourism academicians and celebrities will be approached in order to highlight the campaign nationally n internationally
With the badge of adventure destination glittering and the adage “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guests are Gods) embedded in our culture, the portfolio of tourism products never cease to mesmerize the visitors. The unparallel cultural, geographical, ethnic and bio diversities of the country allure visitors to Nepal time and again which truly substantiates the spirit of Nepal tourism brand ‘Naturally Nepal, once is not enough !'
The concept of Nepal Tourism Year 2011 envisions harnessing these opportunities and strengths and bringing together the commitment of the government, expertise and experiences of the organizations like Nepal Tourism Board, aptitude and dynamism of the private sector and communities for further tourism development in the country. Representation and active participation from the major political parties, members of the Constitution Assembly and Right groups is always taken into prominence in order to make the campaign inclusive and participatory in modus operandi and effective in result. The campaign will also focus on mobilizing the networks of the Non-Resident Nepalis (NRN) communities, Nepalese diplomatic missions abroad, INGOs and NGOs, airlines and national and international media. Similarly, friends and well-wishers of Nepal, tourism academicians and celebrities will be approached in order to highlight the campaign nationally n internationally
my country
I never thought when I was in the college that I would be leaving my country of birth permanently to go and live away from it. But circumstances changed and I had to take an irrevocable decision. I had to go where there were opportunities of employment with a good pay. I have specialized in oil engineering for which the opportunities of employment and promotion are far and few between in my country. So it is natural that I want to seek employment elsewhere. For my qualifications no other country could offer as much opportunity as the Middle East countries. Since there is an oil boom there, it is not difficult for me to get an appointment. So I embarked for Dubai to seek employment.
Now there are a few days left for me before I leave my dear country where I was born, bred, educated and spent nearly twenty three years of my youthful life. To leave here is almost a wrench. I am proud of my country because of its climate, evergreen surroundings, colorful people, rains, sunshine and the fruits which we have in plenty. Then there is my home in the midst of a rubber estate. My neighbors are lovable and friendly. Our larder has always been full with plenty to go through. We used to go about fishing in our streams. Our markets have been filled with nice things. I cannot forget the rickshaws which plies everywhere.
Where I am going, is a desert country and but for the oil wealth, the parching climate and the blazing sun will take away one's energy. Thank God, because of my position, I can enjoy an air conditioned offices and apartment. Water is a rare and costly commodity. Given the chance the Arabs would willingly exchange their oil for a spring of water. Rain is a rare phenomenon so water is so scarce and daily baths and wash is a luxury. In Arab countries water is one of the costliest commodities. The very atmosphere is unpleasant with its petroleum smell and the horizon is dotted with oil rigs and oil refineries. The food which I am accustomed to gives place to processed or canned food. so I will have to change my food habits.
The lure of money is high. When you are promised of a bumper pay packet it compensates for many inconveniences of life. Money can buy many of the comforts. I can make a happy home, educate my children well and see a wider world because I can afford to take vacations and travel. One may be tempted to ask if money is everything, but it is the thing that counts nowadays. I am prepared to go there even though other comforts of life may be missing. So I look forward to a life of adventure in the new country. This alone can prove whether I have been right in my choice. Wherever I am, I cannot forget my dear country.
Now there are a few days left for me before I leave my dear country where I was born, bred, educated and spent nearly twenty three years of my youthful life. To leave here is almost a wrench. I am proud of my country because of its climate, evergreen surroundings, colorful people, rains, sunshine and the fruits which we have in plenty. Then there is my home in the midst of a rubber estate. My neighbors are lovable and friendly. Our larder has always been full with plenty to go through. We used to go about fishing in our streams. Our markets have been filled with nice things. I cannot forget the rickshaws which plies everywhere.
Where I am going, is a desert country and but for the oil wealth, the parching climate and the blazing sun will take away one's energy. Thank God, because of my position, I can enjoy an air conditioned offices and apartment. Water is a rare and costly commodity. Given the chance the Arabs would willingly exchange their oil for a spring of water. Rain is a rare phenomenon so water is so scarce and daily baths and wash is a luxury. In Arab countries water is one of the costliest commodities. The very atmosphere is unpleasant with its petroleum smell and the horizon is dotted with oil rigs and oil refineries. The food which I am accustomed to gives place to processed or canned food. so I will have to change my food habits.
The lure of money is high. When you are promised of a bumper pay packet it compensates for many inconveniences of life. Money can buy many of the comforts. I can make a happy home, educate my children well and see a wider world because I can afford to take vacations and travel. One may be tempted to ask if money is everything, but it is the thing that counts nowadays. I am prepared to go there even though other comforts of life may be missing. So I look forward to a life of adventure in the new country. This alone can prove whether I have been right in my choice. Wherever I am, I cannot forget my dear country.
patriotism
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| Traditionally, patriotism has usually been regarded as a virtue. Horace said dulce et decorum est pro patria mori -- it is sweet and honorable to die for one's country. Sir Walter Scott wrote : 'Breathes there the man, with soul so dead, Who never to himself hath said, 'This is my own, my native land !' Usually, yes. Most of us have a built-in affection for the land which reared us, and to which we owe much. Wars down the centuries prove that men and woman spring to its defense in times of crisis. Yet patriotism, love of country, has not always been approved when it amounts to 'my country, right or wrong'. O'Flaherty VC, a George Bernard Shaw character, said 'you'll never have a quiet world till you knock the patriotism out of the human race'. Of course that was Shaw in 1915, when men were dying by the tens of thousands. Yet much earlier Samuel Johnson had said 'Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel'. So thinkers, whether classical or relatively modern, are divided in their opinions. We are of course dealing with today, a time in which travel and communications have advanced with giant strides. In fact, there is a fashionable one-world concept. This outlook postulates that humanity is one. There should be no racial, cultural or political barriers. The identities of individual countries should disappear. Loyalty should be to the human race, not to one's country of origin. Humanity should become a worldwide melting-pot. Yet, since we are dealing with today, we should concentrate on realism rather than idealism. The flaw in the one-world argument is that human nature does not change. Greed, aggression and the inability to forget old disputes create a perpetual, unchanging barrier. Changes in outlook rarely occur until they are enforced by catastrophe. Despite the holocaust, neo-Nazism has re-appeared in Germany. Despite all peace-keeping efforts, Jew and Arab will never live side by side in amity. Territorial disputes, as in Ireland, as in Yugoslavia, as affecting the Maories, the North American Indians, the whites and blacks in South Africa, are unlikely ever to be resolved. If communications, modern travel and the spread of democracy in erstwhile Communist countries make the one-world concept a realistic possibility, other detrimental modern advances counteract the new challenge. Irresponsible governments are acquiring nuclear potential. The international arms trade flourishes as liberal governments pay lip-service to control but cynically fail to take action. Freed from the shackles of Communism, the eastern part of the Old Soviet Union is fast becoming a series of independent states, struggling to achieve western forms of democracy, ambitious to create market economies, careful to retain the Soviet nuclear armaments located in their territories. The whole political thrust is towards nationalism. Not only states, but also races, as in Yugoslavia and Iraq, wish to become autonomous. They are fiercely determined to preserve their identities, because apart from political and economic there are also social and ethnic factors to consider. Peoples are not readily going to sacrifice their customs and traditions. That is why patriotism will continue to hold a strong position in the modern world for the foreseeable future. A strong United Nations can and does prevent, or at least try to prevent national and racial excesses of the worst kind. And if nations and races could achieve their legitimate political and economic aims by peaceful means, if the strong would help, rather than dominate the weak, then the time might come when wars became a thing of the past. In that imaginary situation, the best kind of patriotism, love of country, would evoke the best from all people in the realms of material progress, education, sport, international co-operation. The unhappy fact, however, is that the world is bedeviled by the worst kind of patriotism - the use of 'love of country' as a cover for excess and atrocity. Men and women are imprisoned, beaten and tortured. A regime will try to exterminate Jews, gypsies and the handicapped. An old man will show no remorse at having murdered ten thousand Buddhist monks. Innocent hostages will be taken to be used as political bargaining counters. Essential foods and medical supplies will be denied to the starving. And all in the name of patriotism. |
importace of forest
Man has been cutting down forests indiscriminately and today the trend is not only to save natural forests but to create artificial ones. Deserts are made to bloom! The Imperial Valley of the Sonoran desert in southern California has been converted into a green patch which yields crops all the year round. Forests are not to be considered merely as a direct source of wealth; they are to be considered in relation to the national economy and geography.
Forests serve many purposes. They hold together the soil and prevent or minimize soil erosion. The oxygen in the air is replenished by forests and plankton in the sea. Trees and plants, during photosynthesis, absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Scientists fear that if forests are destroyed indiscriminately, there will be an increase in carbon dioxide and eventually the sun's rays will become hotter, the polar caps will melt and the ocean level rise and submerge much of our land. Vegetable mould that forests supply increases the fertility of the soil. Forests influence climate. The roots suck up sub-soil water and it is expelled as moisture by foliage. Forests provide sanctuary for animals and birds. It is to he remembered that the rich and varied wild life vanishes in proportion to the forest we destroy.
Industries like paper, rayon. strawboards, matches, insulation boards and wood-panel products are dependent on forests. Indian forests are said to yield 2,500 species of wood, about 18% of which are commercially valuable. Forests are a source of essential oil and medicinal herbs. The lignin and cellulose found in wood are chemically treated to produce valuable drugs like sulfonamide and chloroform. Spruce and fur are used for making airplane and glider parts. Ash and mulberry woods are used for making many sports goods.
Governments all over the world have taken steps to conserve forests: President Franklin Roosevelt of the USA, alarmed by the massive destruction of forests by man, created a conservation corps of two million men to plant trees, dig lakes and build forest roads and in the course of ten years saved the country's forests. Today the trend is not only to save the existing forests but to create artificial ones. Israel is the classic example of a country where a desert has been converted into a garden. The success of this experiment shows that land can be reclaimed and thus increase the food supply of the world. It stands to Israel's credit that within twenty-five years it has doubled the area of its arable land.
Forests serve many purposes. They hold together the soil and prevent or minimize soil erosion. The oxygen in the air is replenished by forests and plankton in the sea. Trees and plants, during photosynthesis, absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Scientists fear that if forests are destroyed indiscriminately, there will be an increase in carbon dioxide and eventually the sun's rays will become hotter, the polar caps will melt and the ocean level rise and submerge much of our land. Vegetable mould that forests supply increases the fertility of the soil. Forests influence climate. The roots suck up sub-soil water and it is expelled as moisture by foliage. Forests provide sanctuary for animals and birds. It is to he remembered that the rich and varied wild life vanishes in proportion to the forest we destroy.
Industries like paper, rayon. strawboards, matches, insulation boards and wood-panel products are dependent on forests. Indian forests are said to yield 2,500 species of wood, about 18% of which are commercially valuable. Forests are a source of essential oil and medicinal herbs. The lignin and cellulose found in wood are chemically treated to produce valuable drugs like sulfonamide and chloroform. Spruce and fur are used for making airplane and glider parts. Ash and mulberry woods are used for making many sports goods.
Governments all over the world have taken steps to conserve forests: President Franklin Roosevelt of the USA, alarmed by the massive destruction of forests by man, created a conservation corps of two million men to plant trees, dig lakes and build forest roads and in the course of ten years saved the country's forests. Today the trend is not only to save the existing forests but to create artificial ones. Israel is the classic example of a country where a desert has been converted into a garden. The success of this experiment shows that land can be reclaimed and thus increase the food supply of the world. It stands to Israel's credit that within twenty-five years it has doubled the area of its arable land.
world cup history of cricket
he ICC Cricket World Cup is the premier international championship of men's One Day International (ODI) cricket . The event is organised by the sport's governing body, the International Cricket Council (ICC), with preliminary qualification rounds leading up to a finals tournament which
is held every four years. The tournament is the
world's fourth largest and most viewed sporting event. [1][2][2] According to the ICC, it is the most important tournament and the pinnacle of achievement in the sport. [3][4] The first Cricket World Cup contest was organised in England in
1975. A separate Women's Cricket World Cup has been held every four years since 1973. The finals of the Cricket World Cup are contested
by all ten Test-playing and ODI-playing nations, together with other nations that qualify through
the World Cup Qualifier . Australia has been the most successful of the five teams to have won
the tournament, taking four titles. The West Indies have won twice, while Pakistan , India, and Sri Lanka have each won once. The 2007 Cricket World Cup matches were held between 13 March and 28 April 2007, in the West Indies . The 2007 tournament had sixteen teams competing in a pool stage (played in round-robin format), then a "super 8" stage, followed by semi-finals and a final. Australia
defeated Sri Lanka in the final to retain the
championship. The 2011 Cricket World Cup will be held between 19 February and 2 April 2011. The tournament
will be co-hosted by Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka . There are 14 countries that are participating in the tournament. History Main article: History of the Cricket World Cup Before the first Cricket World Cup The first ever international cricket match was played between Canada and the United States, on
the 24 and 25 September 1844. However, the
first credited Test match was played in 1877 between Australia and England, and the two teams competed regularly for The Ashes in subsequent years.
is held every four years. The tournament is the
world's fourth largest and most viewed sporting event. [1][2][2] According to the ICC, it is the most important tournament and the pinnacle of achievement in the sport. [3][4] The first Cricket World Cup contest was organised in England in
1975. A separate Women's Cricket World Cup has been held every four years since 1973. The finals of the Cricket World Cup are contested
by all ten Test-playing and ODI-playing nations, together with other nations that qualify through
the World Cup Qualifier . Australia has been the most successful of the five teams to have won
the tournament, taking four titles. The West Indies have won twice, while Pakistan , India, and Sri Lanka have each won once. The 2007 Cricket World Cup matches were held between 13 March and 28 April 2007, in the West Indies . The 2007 tournament had sixteen teams competing in a pool stage (played in round-robin format), then a "super 8" stage, followed by semi-finals and a final. Australia
defeated Sri Lanka in the final to retain the
championship. The 2011 Cricket World Cup will be held between 19 February and 2 April 2011. The tournament
will be co-hosted by Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka . There are 14 countries that are participating in the tournament. History Main article: History of the Cricket World Cup Before the first Cricket World Cup The first ever international cricket match was played between Canada and the United States, on
the 24 and 25 September 1844. However, the
first credited Test match was played in 1877 between Australia and England, and the two teams competed regularly for The Ashes in subsequent years.
part time job
Part time job is the job for those students who don't have time for full time job. It is due to their study they don't have enough time for the full time job. This kind of job helps the student to earn money themselves and continue their study too.
The advantage is that they can help their parents for future saving and make the family economic condition strong. The students should not depend on their parents for their education.They can stand on their own feet and and shouldn't quarrel with their parents for pocket money. And also they can save for their future education. Now a days the students start to do part time job immediately after they pass S.L.C(School Leaving Certificate). Some gets job in stores as sales boy\girl, some gets job in mobile centre and some work online to earn a little for their pocket money and saves for their future education.
Now everyone students in Kathmandu are searching for part time job. They present their class from 6:30 A.M to 10:30 A.M and they become idle for whole day so they start to search for part time job. Someone think it as a best way to pass their time and some think it as a best source to earn and study at same time. In the western countries the students of 17-18 have started to earn alot.
Their are many private organization which takes money and guarantee the job but after some day later they run away from that place. Now days this problem is increasing day by day. It is due to the irresponsibility of the students and the government too. Their are no rules and no punishment for such those people. The government is not giving its responsibility to those person. Due to more corruption in our country the government is being a partner of those fake peoples.
So always be aware of those faking people while you are searching for part time job. Never pay for job in new and unknown companies. So always be safe while searching job. And always give more importance to study and then after little importance for your part time job.
The advantage is that they can help their parents for future saving and make the family economic condition strong. The students should not depend on their parents for their education.They can stand on their own feet and and shouldn't quarrel with their parents for pocket money. And also they can save for their future education. Now a days the students start to do part time job immediately after they pass S.L.C(School Leaving Certificate). Some gets job in stores as sales boy\girl, some gets job in mobile centre and some work online to earn a little for their pocket money and saves for their future education.
Now everyone students in Kathmandu are searching for part time job. They present their class from 6:30 A.M to 10:30 A.M and they become idle for whole day so they start to search for part time job. Someone think it as a best way to pass their time and some think it as a best source to earn and study at same time. In the western countries the students of 17-18 have started to earn alot.
Their are many private organization which takes money and guarantee the job but after some day later they run away from that place. Now days this problem is increasing day by day. It is due to the irresponsibility of the students and the government too. Their are no rules and no punishment for such those people. The government is not giving its responsibility to those person. Due to more corruption in our country the government is being a partner of those fake peoples.
So always be aware of those faking people while you are searching for part time job. Never pay for job in new and unknown companies. So always be safe while searching job. And always give more importance to study and then after little importance for your part time job.
Monday, November 21, 2011
job at home
hey friends wanna earn sitting at home? its easy go to http://www.earnparttimejobs.com/index.php?id=3778026
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